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• The weak interaction has a coupling constant (an indicator of interaction strength) of between 10?7 and 10?6.

An electric field is a vector field that associates to each point in space the Coulomb force that would be experienced per unit of electric charge, by an infinitesimal test charge at that point. Electric fields are created by electric charges and can be induced by time- varying magnetic fields. Winrar Para Windows 8 Keygenerator. The electric field combines with the magnetic field to form the electromagnetic field.

However, charges are sometimes best described as discrete points; for example, some models may describe electrons as point sources where charge density is infinite on an infinitesimal section of space. The theory provides an excellent description of electromagnetic phenomena whenever the relevant length scales and field strengths are large enough that quantum mechanical effects are negligible. For small distances and low field strengths, such interactions are better described by quantum electrodynamics. One is the cross product of the velocity and magnetic field vectors. S4 League Ap Hack 2012 Ford here.

Based on the properties of the cross product, this produces a vector that is perpendicular to both the velocity and magnetic field vectors. The other vector is in the same direction as the electric field. The sum of these two vectors is the Lorentz force. In the absence of an electric field, the force is perpendicular to the velocity of the particle and the direction of the magnetic field.

If both electric and magnetic fields are present, the Lorentz force is the sum of both of these vectors. Problems arise because changes in charge distributions require a non- zero amount of time to be .

Weak interaction. In particle physics, the weak interaction (the weak force or weak nuclear force) is one of the four known fundamental interactions of nature, alongside the strong interaction, electromagnetism, and gravitation. The weak interaction is responsible for radioactive decay, which plays an essential role in nuclear fission.

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure.

The theory of the weak interaction is sometimes called quantum flavourdynamics (QFD), in analogy with the terms QCD dealing with the strong interaction and QED dealing with the electromagnetic force. However the term QFD is rarely used because the weak force is best understood in terms of electro- weak theory (EWT). An interaction occurs when two particles, typically but not necessarily half- integer spin fermions, exchange integer- spin, force- carrying bosons.

The fermions involved in such exchanges can be either elementary (e. In the case of the weak interaction, fermions can exchange three distinct types of force carriers known as the W+, W- , and Z bosons. The mass of each of these bosons is far greater than the mass of a proton or neutron, which is consistent with the short range of the weak force.

The force is in fact termed weak because its field strength over a given distance is typically several orders of magnitude less than that of the strong nuclear force or electromagnetic force. The weak interaction has a coupling constant (an indicator of interaction strength) of between 1. The weak interaction has a very short range (around 1. At distances around 1.

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An electric field is a vector field that associates to each point in space the Coulomb force that would be experienced per unit of electric charge, by an.

At distances of around 3? The nuclear force is responsible for binding protons and neutrons into atomic nuclei. Neutrons and protons are affected by the nuclear force almost identically.

Since protons have charge +1 e, they experience a strong electric field repulsion (following Coulomb's law) that tends to push them apart, but at short range the attractive nuclear force overcomes the repulsive electromagnetic force. The mass of a nucleus is less than the sum total of the individual masses of the protons and neutrons which form it. The difference in mass between bound and unbound nucleons is known as the mass defect. Energy is released when some large nuclei break apart, and it is this energy that is used in nuclear power and nuclear weapons. At distances larger than 0. Beyond this distance the force drops exponentially, until beyond about 2.

Nucleons have a radius of about 0. However, the Coulomb force between protons has a much greater range as it varies as the inverse square of the charge separation, and Coulomb repulsion thus becomes the only significant force between protons when their separation exceeds about 2 to 2.